Define custom HTTP headers

The Vault server and its clients communicate through HTTP requests. Vault responses contain headers that describe the content and include important security settings. Modifications to these headers may be necessary to meet an organization's requirements.

Challenge

Security requirements demand that the Vault server's response headers include customized fields for all requested paths.

Solution

Vault 1.9.0 introduced the ability to configure customizable headers at the HTTP root path (/) and on API endpoints (/v1/*) through the Vault server configuration file.

This tutorial demonstrates how to specify custom HTTP headers in the Vault server configuration file by defining them in the custom_response_headers stanza.

Prerequisites

To perform the tasks described in this tutorial, you need to have:

• A Vault environment of version 1.9 or later. Refer to the Getting Started tutorial to install Vault. Make sure that your Vault server has been initialized and unsealed.

Define Vault configuration

Create a Vault configuration file named vault-custom_headers.hcl.

$ cat > vault-custom_headers.hcl <<EOF
storage "inmem" {}

api_addr = "http://127.0.0.1:8200"
cluster_addr = "https://127.0.0.1:8201"
ui = true

listener "tcp" {
  address     = "127.0.0.1:8200"
  tls_disable = "true"

  custom_response_headers {
    "default" = {
      "Content-Security-Policy" = ["connect-src https://cluster.vault.external"],
      "X-Custom-Header" = ["Vault created header to meet security requirements"]
    },
    "200" = {
      "X-Custom-Header" = ["200 customized header to meet security requirements"]
    },
    "3xx" = {
      "X-Custom-Header" = ["3xx customized header to meet security requirements"]
    }
  }
}
EOF

The custom_response_headers stanza is defined in the listener stanza. This stanza states that:

• every response, by default, includes a modified Content-Security-Policy value and defines a new custom header, X-Custom-Header.
• 200 responses override the value of the custom header X-Custom-Header.
• 3xx responses (e.g. 301, 302, 307) override the value of the custom header X-Custom-Header.

Start Vault

The Vault server loads its configuration when it starts.

Start the Vault server.

$ vault server -config=vault-custom_headers.hcl

The server listens at 127.0.0.1:8200.

In another terminal, export an environment variable for the vault CLI to address the Vault server.

$ export VAULT_ADDR=http://127.0.0.1:8200

The server is uninitialized and sealed.

Initialize the Vault server and ouput the unseal key and root token to vault-custom_headers-init-keys.json.

$ vault operator init -key-shares 1 -key-threshold 1 -format json > vault-custom_headers-init-keys.json

The server initializes and writes an unseal key and root token to vault-custom_headers-init-keys.json.

Create a variable named VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY that is assigned the unseal key.

$ VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY=$(cat vault-custom_headers-init-keys.json | jq -r ".unseal_keys_b64[]")

Unseal the Vault server with the unseal key.

$ vault operator unseal $VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY

The command reports that Vault is initialized and unsealed.

Create an environment variable named VAULT_TOKEN that is assigned the root token.

$ export VAULT_TOKEN=$(cat vault-custom_headers-init-keys.json | jq -r ".root_token")

The vault CLI authenticates each command with the value stored in the VAULT_TOKEN environment variable.

Make a request

Request the root page of the Vault server.

$ curl --head --location \
    --header "X-Vault-Request: true" \
    --header "X-Vault-Token: $(vault print token)" \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/

The output displays two responses. The first response has status code 307.

HTTP/1.1 307 Temporary Redirect
Cache-Control: no-store
Content-Security-Policy: connect-src https://cluster.vault.external
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Location: /ui/
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
X-Custom-Header: 3xx customized header to meet security requirements

It contains the Content-Security-Policy and X-Custom-Header fields. The Content-Security-Policy field is set to the value defined as default for all headers. The X-Custom-Header field is set to the value defined for all 3xx responses.

The second response has status code 200.

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Cache-Control: no-store
Content-Length: 5094
Content-Security-Policy: connect-src https://cluster.vault.external
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Service-Worker-Allowed: /
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Custom-Header: 200 customized header to meet security requirements

It contains the Content-Security-Policy and X-Custom-Header fields. The Content-Security-Policy field is set to the value defined as default for all headers. The X-Custom-Header field is set to the value defined for the 200 response.

Request an invalid path of the Vault server.

$ curl --head --location \
    --header "X-Vault-Request: true" \
    --header "X-Vault-Token: $(vault print token)" \
    http://127.0.0.1:8200/not_found

The response has the status code 404.

HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Cache-Control: no-store
Content-Security-Policy: connect-src https://cluster.vault.external
Content-Type: application/json
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
X-Custom-Header: Vault created header to meet security requirements
Content-Length: 14

It contains the Content-Security-Policy and X-Custom-Header fields that are set to the value defined as default for all headers.

Help and reference

In this tutorial, you configured a Vault server to return customized headers default to all requests or assigned to specific requests based on the return code. Learn more about customizing Vault HTTP Headers by referring to the tcp listener configuration documentation.